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Understanding Fiduciary Duties in Business Entities

Expertly advise clients using this title's clear, practical, up-to-date guidance on fiduciary duties in the most frequently encountered business contexts. This reference is essential for business and commercial litigators, business attorneys, and anyone advising California-based business entities.

“Offers practical guidance for expanding or limiting fiduciary duties under existing law for the entities covered. I particularly liked the sections that distinguished between Delaware and California law. ”

April Frisby, Of Counsel at Newmeyer & Dillion LLP, Orange County

Expertly advise clients using this title's clear, practical, up-to-date guidance on fiduciary duties in the most frequently encountered business contexts. This reference is essential for business and commercial litigators, business attorneys, and anyone advising California-based business entities.

  • What fiduciary duties apply in California-based partnerships, for-profit and non-profit corporations, and limited liability companies
  • Fiduciary obligations of different types of individual professionals
  • Fiduciary duties in family businesses and family transactions
  • How to comply with fiduciary duties
  • Possible protections from liability for those subject to fiduciary duties
  • Initiation or defense of breach of fiduciary duty claims in litigation
  • Extensive coverage of California law plus limited coverage of Delaware law
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“Offers practical guidance for expanding or limiting fiduciary duties under existing law for the entities covered. I particularly liked the sections that distinguished between Delaware and California law. ”

April Frisby, Of Counsel at Newmeyer & Dillion LLP, Orange County

Expertly advise clients using this title's clear, practical, up-to-date guidance on fiduciary duties in the most frequently encountered business contexts. This reference is essential for business and commercial litigators, business attorneys, and anyone advising California-based business entities.

  • What fiduciary duties apply in California-based partnerships, for-profit and non-profit corporations, and limited liability companies
  • Fiduciary obligations of different types of individual professionals
  • Fiduciary duties in family businesses and family transactions
  • How to comply with fiduciary duties
  • Possible protections from liability for those subject to fiduciary duties
  • Initiation or defense of breach of fiduciary duty claims in litigation
  • Extensive coverage of California law plus limited coverage of Delaware law

1

Introduction to Fiduciary Relationships

Phillip L. Jelsma

  • I.  SCOPE OF TITLE  1.1
  • II.  SCOPE OF CHAPTER  1.2
  • III.  NATURE OF FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIPS
    • A.  Characteristics of Fiduciary Relationships  1.3
    • B.  Sources of Fiduciary Duty Law  1.4
    • C.  Fiduciary Duty Analysis  1.5
  • IV.  FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIPS AND CONFIDENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS DISTINGUISHED  1.6
  • V.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES DISTINGUISHED FROM CERTAIN OTHER OBLIGATIONS
    • A.  Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  1.7
    • B.  Duty of Due Care; Negligence  1.8
    • C.  Professional Duty of Care; Malpractice  1.9
    • D.  Duty of Disclosure; Fraud, Constructive Fraud  1.10
  • VI.  RELATIONSHIPS THAT ARE NORMALLY NOT FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIPS
    • A.  Creditor-Debtor Generally  1.11
      • 1.  Lender-Borrower  1.12
      • 2.  Corporation-Bondholders and Corporation-Holders of Warrants or Options  1.13
      • 3.  Holder of Right to Profits Interest or Contingent Compensation  1.14
    • B.  Insurer-Insured  1.15
    • C.  Insurance Agent- or Broker-Insured  1.16
    • D.  Intellectual Property Licensee-Licensor  1.17
    • E.  Franchisor-Franchisee  1.18
    • F.  Employer-Employee  1.19
    • G.  Other Non-Fiduciary Relationships  1.20

2

Fiduciary Duties in General and Limited Partnerships

Edward Gartenberg

Milena Dolukhanyan

  • I.  SCOPE OF CHAPTER  2.1
  • II.  FACTUAL EXAMPLES  2.2
    • A.  Example 1  2.3
    • B.  Example 2  2.4
  • III.  PARTNERSHIPS: AN OVERVIEW
    • A.  Does a Partnership Exist?  2.5
      • 1.  Definition of General Partnership  2.6
      • 2.  Evidence of Partnership Status; Statutory Rules  2.7
    • B.  Types of Partnerships
      • 1.  General Partnerships; Joint Ventures  2.8
      • 2.  Limited Partnerships  2.9
      • 3.  Limited Liability Partnerships  2.10
  • IV.  SOURCES OF FIDUCIARY DUTY LAW FOR PARTNERSHIPS  2.11
    • A.  Common Law Trustee Concept  2.12
    • B.  Partnership Acts
      • 1.  Role of the Uniform Law Commission  2.13
        • a.  ULC’s Model Partnership Act  2.14
        • b.  ULC’s Model Limited Partnership Act  2.15
      • 2.  California’s Uniform Partnership Act of 1994  2.16
      • 3.  California’s Uniform Limited Partnership Act of 2008  2.17
      • 4.  Codification of Partners’ Fiduciary Duties
        • a.  General Partnerships  2.18
        • b.  Limited Partnerships  2.19
    • C.  Other Potentially Relevant Law  2.20
      • 1.  Noncompetition Laws  2.21
      • 2.  Agency Law  2.22
      • 3.  Securities Laws  2.23
      • 4.  Mining Partnerships  2.24
      • 5.  Fraud, Fraudulent Transfers, Undue Influence, Deceit  2.25
  • V.  PARTICULAR FIDUCIARY DUTIES IN GENERAL PARTNERSHIPS  2.26
    • A.  Duty of Loyalty  2.27
      • 1.  Duty to Account  2.28
      • 2.  Duty to Refrain From Self-Dealing  2.29
      • 3.  Duty Not to Compete  2.30
    • B.  Duty of Care  2.31
    • C.  Additional Fiduciary Duties
      • 1.  Duty of Disclosure; Right of Access to Information  2.32
      • 2.  Potential for Additional Fiduciary Duties  2.33
    • D.  Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  2.34
    • E.  Permitted Transactions  2.35
  • VI.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES IN LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS
    • A.  Duties of General Partners  2.36
    • B.  Duties of Limited Partners  2.37
  • VII.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES IN LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIPS  2.38
  • VIII.  LIMITING FIDUCIARY DUTIES
    • A.  Disclaiming Partnership Status
      • 1.  Disclaimer of Partnership Status  2.39
      • 2.  Form: Disclaimer  2.40
    • B.  Permitted Limitations in General Partnership Agreements
      • 1.  Overview of Statutory Restrictions  2.41
      • 2.  “Manifestly Unreasonable” Standard  2.42
      • 3.  “Contractarian” Approach to Partnership Relationships  2.43
      • 4.  Limiting the Duty of Loyalty  2.44
      • 5.  Reducing the Duty of Care  2.45
      • 6.  Prescribing Standards for Performance of the Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  2.46
      • 7.  Limiting Other Potential Fiduciary Duties  2.47
    • C.  Permitted Limitations in Limited Partnership Agreements  2.48
    • D.  Sample Provisions for Partnership Agreements  2.49
      • 1.  Restricting the Scope of Fiduciary Duties
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  2.50
        • b.  Form: Introductory Clause  2.51
      • 2.  Limiting the Duty of Loyalty
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  2.52
        • b.  Form: Limitations on Duty of Loyalty  2.53
        • c.  Form: Clarification of Duties  2.54
      • 3.  Limiting the Duty of Care
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  2.55
        • b.  Form: Duty of Care: Alternative 1  2.56
        • c.  Form: Duty of Care: Alternative 2  2.57
        • d.  Form: Duty of Care: Alternative 3  2.58
        • e.  Form: General Partner Protections  2.59
      • 4.  Form: Ratification of Partner Conduct  2.60
      • 5.  Limiting the Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  2.61
    • E.  Other Ways of Limiting Fiduciary Liability  2.62
  • IX.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES UNDER OTHER STATES’ LAWS
    • A.  Operating a Foreign Partnership in California  2.63
    • B.  Delaware  2.64
    • C.  Other States  2.65

3

Fiduciary Duties in Limited Liability Companies

Edward Gartenberg

Milena Dolukhanyan

  • I.  SCOPE OF CHAPTER  3.1
  • II.  FACTUAL EXAMPLES  3.2
    • A.  Example 1  3.3
    • B.  Example 2  3.4
  • III.  LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES (LLCs): AN OVERVIEW
    • A.  What Is a Limited Liability Company?  3.5
    • B.  Governing Law  3.6
    • C.  Types of LLCs  3.7
      • 1.  Member-Managed LLCs  3.8
      • 2.  Manager-Managed LLCs  3.9
  • IV.  SOURCES OF FIDUCIARY DUTY LAW FOR LLCs
    • A.  ULC’s Uniform Act
      • 1.  Role of ULC  3.10
      • 2.  ULC’s Model LLC Act  3.11
    • B.  California’s LLC Acts
      • 1.  Beverly-Killea Limited Liability Company Act (Beverly-Killea)  3.12
      • 2.  Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act (RULLCA)  3.13
        • a.  RULLCA’s Treatment of Fiduciary Duties  3.14
        • b.  RULLCA’s Transition Rules  3.15
    • C.  Other Potentially Relevant Law  3.16
  • V.  PARTICULAR FIDUCIARY DUTIES
    • A.  Status as Member or Manager
      • 1.  Members in Member-Managed LLCs; Managers in Manager-Managed LLCs  3.17
      • 2.  Members in Manager-Managed LLCs  3.18
        • a.  Potential Fiduciary Duties as Controlling Member  3.19
        • b.  Liability for Aiding and Abetting  3.20
    • B.  Duty of Loyalty  3.21
    • C.  Duty of Care  3.22
    • D.  Additional Fiduciary Duties
      • 1.  Duty of Disclosure; Right of Access to Information  3.23
      • 2.  Potential for Additional Fiduciary Duties  3.24
    • E.  Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  3.25
    • F.  Permitted Transactions  3.26
  • VI.  LIMITING FIDUCIARY DUTIES
    • A.  Limited Freedom of Contract  3.27
    • B.  Overview of Statutory Restrictions  3.28
    • C.  “Informed Consent” Requirement  3.29
    • D.  “Manifestly Unreasonable” Standard  3.30
    • E.  Limiting the Duty of Loyalty  3.31
    • F.  Reducing the Duty of Care  3.32
    • G.  Prescribing Standards for Performance of the Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  3.33
    • H.  Limiting Other Potential Fiduciary Duties  3.34
    • I.  Sample Provisions for Operating Agreements  3.35
      • 1.  Restricting the Scope of Fiduciary Duties
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  3.36
        • b.  Form: Introductory Clause  3.37
        • c.  Form: Corporate Fiduciary Duties  3.38
      • 2.  Limiting the Duty of Loyalty
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  3.39
        • b.  Form: Limitations on Duty of Loyalty  3.40
        • c.  Form: Transactions With the LLC  3.41
        • d.  Form: Clarification of Duties  3.42
      • 3.  Limiting the Duty of Care
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  3.43
        • b.  Form: Duty of Care: Alternative 1  3.44
        • c.  Form: Duty of Care: Alternative 2  3.45
        • d.  Form: Duty of Care: Alternative 3  3.46
      • 4.  Ratification of Member or Manager Conduct
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  3.47
        • b.  Form: Ratification  3.48
      • 5.  Prescribing Standards for Performance of Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  3.49
        • b.  Form: ULC Performance Standards for Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  3.50
    • J.  Other Ways of Limiting Fiduciary Liability
      • 1.  Indemnification and Insurance  3.51
      • 2.  Limitation of Liability for Money Damages  3.52
  • VII.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES UNDER OTHER STATES’ LAWS
    • A.  Operating a Foreign LLC in California  3.53
    • B.  Delaware  3.54
    • C.  Other States  3.55

4

Fiduciary Duties in For-Profit Corporations

Chad R. Ensz

James F. Fotenos

Phillip L. Jelsma

  • I.  SCOPE OF CHAPTER  4.1
  • II.  FACTUAL EXAMPLES
    • A.  Example 1  4.2
    • B.  Example 2  4.3
  • III.  WHICH STATE’S LAW GOVERNS?
    • A.  Internal Affairs Doctrine  4.4
    • B.  Corporations Code §2115  4.5
    • C.  Comparing Delaware and California Law  4.6
  • IV.  PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF FIDUCIARY DUTIES
    • A.  Common Law Fiduciary Duty Principles  4.7
    • B.  Duty of Care  4.8
    • C.  Duty of Loyalty  4.9
    • D.  Duty of Good Faith  4.10
    • E.  Statutory Liabilities Related to Fiduciary Liability
      • 1.  Federal and State Securities Laws  4.11
      • 2.  Director Liability for Unlawful Distributions
        • a.  California Law: Corp C §316  4.12
        • b.  Delaware Law: 8 Del Code Ann §174  4.13
      • 3.  Director Liability for Unauthorized Loans or Guaranties  4.14
      • 4.  Liability for False Reports and Financial Statements  4.15
      • 5.  Criminal Liability; Other Liability  4.16
  • V.  DUTY OF CARE
    • A.  What Is Due Care?  4.17
      • 1.  Due Care in Decision Making; Practical Advice  4.18
      • 2.  Due Care in Oversight
        • a.  Oversight Obligation; Caremark Claims  4.19
        • b.  Compliance With Duty of Oversight  4.20
      • 3.  Prudence/Diligence Distinction  4.21
      • 4.  “Reasonable Inquiry”  4.22
      • 5.  Duty of Disclosure  4.23
    • B.  Is There More Than One Standard?  4.24
      • 1.  Managing Versus Nonmanaging Directors  4.25
      • 2.  Committee Members Versus Nonmembers  4.26
    • C.  Ordinary Negligence Versus Gross Negligence  4.27
      • 1.  Ordinary Negligence  4.28
      • 2.  Gross Negligence  4.29
    • D.  Requirement of Causation for Liability  4.30
    • E.  Standard of Conduct Versus Standard of Review; “Enhanced Scrutiny,” “Entire Fairness”  4.31
  • VI.  DUTY OF LOYALTY
    • A.  What Is the Duty of Loyalty?  4.32
      • 1.  Duty of Loyalty in California  4.33
      • 2.  Duty of Loyalty in Delaware  4.34
    • B.  Breach of Duty of Loyalty
      • 1.  Competing With the Corporation  4.35
      • 2.  Corporate Opportunity Doctrine  4.36
      • 3.  Interested Director Transactions
        • a.  Director and Officer Compensation  4.37
        • b.  Loans to and Guaranties of Obligations of Directors or Officers  4.38
    • C.  Approval of Interested Director Transactions
      • 1.  Statutory Safe Harbors
        • a.  California Law: Corp C §310(a)  4.39
        • b.  Delaware Law: 8 Del Code Ann §144(a)  4.40
      • 2.  Director or Shareholder Approval: Voting and Other Issues
        • a.  When Director Is Also Majority Stockholder  4.41
        • b.  “Material Financial Interest”  4.42
        • c.  Duty of Disclosure of Material Facts  4.43
      • 3.  Fairness; “Entire Fairness” Test  4.44
    • D.  Interlocking Boards of Directors
      • 1.  General Rule  4.45
      • 2.  Approval of Transactions
        • a.  California Law: Corp C §310(b)  4.46
        • b.  Delaware Law: 8 Del Code Ann §144(a)  4.47
  • VII.  DUTIES IN CHANGE-OF-CONTROL TRANSACTIONS
    • A.  Response to Unsolicited Takeover Attempts
      • 1.  Delaware Approach: Unocal Test  4.48
      • 2.  California Approach  4.49
    • B.  Sale of Control
      • 1.  Delaware Approach: Revlon Duty  4.50
      • 2.  California Approach  4.51
    • C.  Interfering With Shareholder Vote: Blasius Rule  4.52
    • D.  Controlled Merger Transactions: MFW Framework  4.53
    • E.  Practical Advice for Directors  4.54
  • VIII.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF CORPORATE OFFICERS
    • A.  Corporate Officers Under California Law  4.55
    • B.  Corporate Officers Under Delaware Law  4.56
  • IX.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF CONTROLLING SHAREHOLDERS
    • A.  Controlling Shareholders in California  4.57
    • B.  Controlling Shareholders in Delaware  4.57A
  • X.  AIDING AND ABETTING BREACHES OF FIDUCIARY DUTY  4.58
  • XI.  TO WHOM ARE DUTIES OWED?
    • A.  Corporation and Shareholders  4.59
    • B.  Preferred Stockholders  4.60
    • C.  Fiduciary Duties in Insolvent Corporations
      • 1.  California: “Trust Fund” Doctrine  4.61
      • 2.  Delaware: No More “Zone of Insolvency”  4.62
      • 3.  Directors and Officers Under the Bankruptcy Code  4.63
  • XII.  PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF DIRECTOR PROTECTION
    • A.  Business Judgment Rule  4.64
      • 1.  Business Judgment Rule in Delaware: Omnicare, Corwin, Synutra, MFW  4.65
      • 2.  Business Judgment Rule in California  4.66
      • 3.  Elements of the Business Judgment Rule
        • a.  Requirement of Business Decision  4.67
        • b.  Requirement of Due Care  4.68
        • c.  Requirement of Good Faith  4.69
        • d.  Requirement of Some Basis in Rationality  4.70
      • 4.  Application to Actions by Officers  4.71
      • 5.  Inapplicable in Cases of Waste, Fraud, Misuse of Corporate Funds, and Ultra Vires Transactions  4.72
    • B.  Exculpation From Monetary Liability  4.73
      • 1.  Requires Provision in Articles of Incorporation  4.74
      • 2.  Limitation Applies Only to Directors Acting as Directors  4.75
      • 3.  Limitation Applies Only to Monetary Damages in Derivative Actions  4.76
      • 4.  Limitation Does Not Apply to Certain Specified Acts; “Seven Deadly Sins”  4.77
    • C.  Statutory Safe Harbors for Disinterested Board or Shareholder Approval  4.78
    • D.  Indemnification  4.79
    • E.  Insurance  4.80
    • F.  Statutory Right to Delegate
      • 1.  Overview  4.81
      • 2.  What Cannot Be Delegated  4.82
      • 3.  Special Committees; Guidelines for Appointment  4.83
      • 4.  Audit Committees  4.84
    • G.  Statutory Right to Rely on Reports and Advice  4.85
      • 1.  Right to Rely on Reports  4.86
      • 2.  Right to Rely on Advice of Others  4.87
    • H.  Contractual Waivers of Claims Against Officers and Directors  4.88
    • I.  Statutes of Limitations  4.89
  • XIII.  PRACTICAL GUIDELINES
    • A.  Fulfilling the Duty of Care  4.90
    • B.  Dealing With Potential Conflicts of Interest  4.91
    • C.  Operating in “Zone of Insolvency”  4.92

5

Fiduciary Duties in Nonprofit, Social Purpose, and Benefit Corporations

Phillip L. Jelsma

  • I.  SCOPE OF CHAPTER  5.1
  • II.  FACTUAL EXAMPLES
    • A.  Example 1  5.2
    • B.  Example 2  5.3
  • III.  NONPROFIT CORPORATIONS
    • A.  Types of Nonprofits  5.4
    • B.  Overview of Directors’ Duties and Responsibilities  5.5
    • C.  To Whom Directors Owe Duties  5.6
    • D.  Duty of Care  5.7
      • 1.  Duty of “Reasonable Inquiry” and Director’s Reliance Right  5.8
      • 2.  Duty of Obedience  5.9
      • 3.  Statutory Duty to Comply With Investment Standards
        • a.  Public Benefit Corporations  5.10
        • b.  Mutual Benefit and Religious Corporations  5.11
    • E.  Duty of Loyalty  5.12
      • 1.  Duty to Avoid Self-Dealing
        • a.  Public Benefit and Religious Corporations  5.13
          • (1)  Transactions Excluded From Definition of Self-Dealing Transactions  5.14
          • (2)  Approving Self-Dealing Transactions  5.15
            • (a)  Attorney General Approval  5.16
            • (b)  Court Approval  5.17
            • (c)  Board Approval  5.18
            • (d)  Approval by Other Authorized Persons  5.19
            • (e)  Approval by Members of Religious Corporations  5.20
          • (3)  Checklist: Board Approval of Transactions With Interested Directors  5.21
          • (4)  Form: Minutes Reflecting Approval of Transaction—Public Benefit and Religious Corporations  5.22
          • (5)  Actions Challenging Self-Dealing Transactions; Defenses  5.23
          • (6)  Remedies for Self-Dealing Transactions  5.24
        • b.  Mutual Benefit Corporations  5.25
      • 2.  Duties Regarding Loans and Guaranties
        • a.  Public Benefit Corporations  5.26
        • b.  Mutual Benefit Corporations  5.27
        • c.  Religious Corporations  5.28
      • 3.  Liability for Illegal Distributions, Loans, and Guaranties  5.29
      • 4.  Doctrine of Corporate Opportunity  5.30
    • F.  Effect of Compliance With Standard of Care
      • 1.  No Personal Liability; Business Judgment Rule  5.31
      • 2.  Liability for Tortious Conduct  5.32
      • 3.  Statutory Liability for Falsehood or Fraud  5.33
      • 4.  Liability Regarding Employment Matters  5.34
    • G.  Standing to Bring Actions for Breach of Fiduciary Duty
      • 1.  Attorney General  5.35
      • 2.  Members of Corporation  5.36
      • 3.  Directors and Officers  5.37
      • 4.  Persons Granted Relator Status  5.38
  • IV.  PRACTICAL ADVICE FOR NONPROFIT DIRECTORS
    • A.  Comport With Duty of Care  5.39
    • B.  Be Familiar With Governing Documents  5.40
    • C.  Follow Corporate Formalities  5.41
      • 1.  Attendance  5.42
      • 2.  Quorum  5.43
      • 3.  Participation  5.44
      • 4.  Rules for Conduct of Meetings  5.45
      • 5.  Voting  5.46
      • 6.  Minutes  5.47
    • D.  Stay Informed  5.48
    • E.  Understand Legal Requirements Concerning Tax-Exempt Organizations
      • 1.  Internal Revenue Code §501(c)(3) Requirements  5.49
        • a.  Organizational Test  5.50
        • b.  Operational Test  5.51
        • c.  No Private Inurement  5.52
          • (1)  No Private Benefit  5.53
          • (2)  Excess Benefit Transactions  5.54
        • d.  No Substantial Lobbying  5.55
        • e.  No Electioneering  5.56
      • 2.  Charitable Trust Requirements  5.57
      • 3.  Charitable Fund-raising Regulation  5.58
        • a.  California Regulations
          • (1)  Disclosure Requirements  5.59
          • (2)  Phone or Internet Solicitations  5.60
          • (3)  Professional Fund-raisers  5.61
          • (4)  Disclosure to California Attorney General  5.62
        • b.  Federal Regulations  5.63
  • V.  STATUTORY PROTECTIONS FOR NONPROFIT DIRECTORS
    • A.  General Good Samaritan Statutes  5.64
    • B.  Corporations Code §5239  5.65
    • C.  Code of Civil Procedure §425.15  5.66
    • D.  Federal Volunteer Protection Act  5.67
  • VI.  SOCIAL PURPOSE AND BENEFIT CORPORATIONS  5.68
    • A.  Social Purpose Corporation
      • 1.  What Is a Social Purpose Corporation?  5.69
      • 2.  Directors’ Duties and Liabilities  5.70
    • B.  Benefit Corporations
      • 1.  What Is a Benefit Corporation?  5.71
      • 2.  Directors’ Duties and Liabilities  5.72

6

Fiduciary Duties in Family Businesses and Transactions

Jeffrey T. Makoff

Roxanne E. Makoff

  • I.  OVERVIEW; SCOPE OF CHAPTER  6.1
  • II.  FACTUAL EXAMPLES  6.2
    • A.  Example 1: Family Investor  6.3
    • B.  Example 2: Manager and Houseparent  6.4
    • C.  Example 3: Entrepreneur Couple  6.4A
  • III.  SOURCES OF FIDUCIARY DUTIES IN PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS  6.5
    • A.  Fiduciary Duties of Spouses and Registered Domestic Partners  6.6
      • 1.  No Fiduciary Duties During Negotiation of Premarital Agreement  6.7
      • 2.  Fiduciary Duties Continue During Separation and Dissolution Proceedings  6.8
      • 3.  Postdissolution Fiduciary Duties  6.9
    • B.  Fiduciary Duties Undertaken by Nonmarital Intimate Partners  6.10
    • C.  Fiduciary Duties Between Parents and Children
      • 1.  Presumption of Duties Between Parents and Minor Children  6.11
      • 2.  Adult Children’s “Filial Responsibility” to Support Indigent Parents  6.12
      • 3.  No Presumption of Fiduciary Duty Between Siblings  6.13
    • D.  Fiduciary Duties Arising From Other Confidential or Family Relationships  6.14
  • IV.  SPECIFIC FIDUCIARY DUTIES IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS  6.15
    • A.  Duty of Loyalty and Conflicts of Interest  6.16
      • 1.  Conflicts in Marital Community and Separate “Estates”; the “Community Opportunity Doctrine”  6.17
      • 2.  Conflicts in Parent and Child Interests  6.18
      • 3.  Conflicts in Community and Family-Owned Business Entity Interests  6.19
      • 4.  Conflicts in Accessing and Using Confidential Information  6.20
    • B.  Duty of Care
      • 1.  Nonmarital Fiduciary Duty of Care  6.21
      • 2.  Duty of Care Between Spouses Under Fam C §§721 and 1100  6.22
    • C.  Duties of Disclosure and Rights to Information  6.23
      • 1.  Nonmarital Fiduciary Disclosure Duties  6.24
      • 2.  Marital Fiduciary Disclosure Duties Under Family Code  6.25
      • 3.  Interaction Between Family Code and Business Information Rights  6.26
        • a.  Factual Example: Private Company  6.27
        • b.  Factual Example: Public Company  6.28
    • D.  Duties of Good Faith and Fair Dealing  6.29
      • 1.  Proving or Disproving Good Faith  6.30
      • 2.  Proving or Disproving Fairness  6.31
  • V.  FIDUCIARY ISSUES IN OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CONTROL OF A FAMILY-OWNED BUSINESS  6.32
    • A.  Business Management Disputes Between Spouses  6.33
    • B.  Legislative History of Fam C §1100(d)  6.33A
      • 1.  Transparency Disputes  6.34
      • 2.  Attorney-Client Privilege Issues  6.34A
      • 3.  Operational and Control Disputes Between Spouses  6.35
    • C.  Fiduciary Duties to Third Parties  6.36
    • D.  Management and Control Agreements  6.37
  • VI.  FIDUCIARY ISSUES IN FAMILY FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS  6.38
    • A.  Management of Family Investment Assets  6.39
      • 1.  Application of Prudent Investor Rule to Family Investments (Other Than Community Property Assets)  6.40
        • a.  Prudent Investor Rule  6.41
        • b.  Factual Example: Great Recession Investor  6.42
      • 2.  Special Considerations for High-Net-Worth Individuals Who Invest Community Property in Higher-Risk Assets  6.43
    • B.  Common Fiduciary Issues in Transactions Between Spouses
      • 1.  Interspousal Business and Property Transactions  6.44
      • 2.  Fiduciary Duties and Financial Aspects of Marital Infidelity  6.45
        • a.  Family Code §§721 and 1100  6.46
        • b.  Civil Code §43.5 (“Anti-Heartbalm” Statute)  6.47
        • c.  Impact of No-Fault Divorce Policy  6.48
        • d.  Admissibility of Marital Infidelity Evidence on Fiduciary Claims  6.49
        • e.  Discoverability of Marital Infidelity Evidence on Fiduciary Claims  6.49A
    • C.  Management of Marital and Family Member Liabilities  6.49B
  • VII.  COURT SELECTION, REMEDIES, AND PROCEDURAL ISSUES IN FAMILY FIDUCIARY LITIGATION
    • A.  Choice of Court Divisions or Departments  6.50
      • 1.  Family Courts  6.51
      • 2.  Probate Courts  6.52
      • 3.  General Civil Division  6.53
    • B.  Fiduciary Duty Remedies and Divisional Limitations
      • 1.  Monetary Relief (Damages, Disgorgement, Restitution, and Reallocation)  6.54
      • 2.  Constructive Trust (or Involuntary Trust)  6.55
      • 3.  Court-Ordered Accounting  6.56
      • 4.  Injunctions  6.57
      • 5.  Rescission, Invalidation, Voiding, or Set-Aside of Transactions  6.58
      • 6.  Intervention and Intercession Against Improper Defense of a Liability  6.58A
      • 7.  Monitors  6.58B
      • 8.  Receivership  6.59
      • 9.  Provisional Director  6.59A
      • 10.  Equitable Indemnity for Third-Party Liabilities and Equitable Subordination  6.60
      • 11.  Prejudgment Interest  6.61
      • 12.  Attorney Fees  6.62
      • 13.  Punitive Damages and Sanctions  6.63
      • 14.  Other Family Code Remedies for Breach of Fiduciary Duties Between Spouses
        • a.  “Value of Asset” Awards Under Fam C §1101(g)–(h)  6.64
        • b.  Retitling of Assets Under Fam C §1101(c)  6.65
        • c.  Family Code §2107 Sanctions  6.66
        • d.  Alternate Valuation Date Under Fam C §2552  6.67
        • e.  Fam C §2602: Additional Award in Case of Misappropriation  6.67A
    • C.  Statutes of Limitations
      • 1.  General Principles in Fiduciary Cases  6.68
      • 2.  Tolling During Marriage  6.69
      • 3.  Tolling During Minority  6.70
    • D.  Role of Private Judging and Mediation in Family Fiduciary Disputes
      • 1.  Legal Powers of Private Judge Pro Tem or Referee  6.71
      • 2.  Benefits and Disadvantages of Private Judging  6.72
      • 3.  Intrafamily Mediation  6.73
    • E.  Attorney Communications: Litigation Demand Versus Extortion  6.73A
  • VIII.  FIDUCIARY ISSUE IDENTIFICATION CHECKLIST FOR FAMILY BUSINESSES AND TRANSACTIONS  6.74

7

Fiduciary Duties of Individual Professionals

Phillip L. Jelsma

Christopher W. Rowlett

John D. Vaughn

  • I.  SCOPE OF CHAPTER  7.1
  • II.  FACTUAL EXAMPLES
    • A.  Example 1  7.2
    • B.  Example 2  7.3
  • III.  FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF INDIVIDUAL PROFESSIONALS
    • A.  Overview of Fiduciary Relationships  7.4
    • B.  Attorneys at Law
      • 1.  Nature of Attorney-Client Relationship
        • a.  Regulatory Framework  7.5
        • b.  Attorney-Client Relationship: Formation, Duration  7.6
      • 2.  Fiduciary Duties  7.7
        • a.  Duty of Confidentiality  7.8
        • b.  Duty of Loyalty  7.9
          • (1)  Duty to Avoid Conflicts of Interest  7.10
          • (2)  Business Transactions With Clients  7.11
          • (3)  Duty to Withdraw  7.12
          • (4)  Duty to Communicate With Client  7.13
          • (5)  Duties With Regard to Attorney Fees  7.14
          • (6)  Duties With Regard to Client Funds  7.15
      • 3.  Professional Duty of Care Distinguished  7.16
      • 4.  Intentional Versus Negligent Breach of Fiduciary Duty  7.16A
    • C.  Health Care Providers  7.17
      • 1.  Physicians  7.18
      • 2.  Duty to Obtain Informed Consent  7.19
      • 3.  Duty to Warn  7.20
    • D.  Accountants and Auditors
      • 1.  Accountants  7.21
      • 2.  Auditors  7.22
    • E.  Mortgage Brokers  7.23
    • F.  Securities Broker-Dealers, Investment Advisers
      • 1.  Differing Legal Standards  7.24
      • 2.  Investment Advisers  7.25
        • a.  Federal Duty of Care  7.25A
        • b.  Federal Duty of Loyalty  7.25B
        • c.  Investment Adviser’s Status Under State Law  7.25C
      • 3.  Broker-Dealers  7.26
      • 4.  Regulatory Efforts Concerning Uniform Fiduciary Standards  7.27
        • a.  U.S. Department of Labor Actions [Deleted]  7.27A
    • G.  Promoters  7.28
    • H.  Escrow Agents
      • 1.  Scope of Regulation in California  7.29
      • 2.  Limited Dual Agency Relationship  7.30
      • 3.  Particular Duties  7.31
    • I.  Attorneys-in-Fact Under Powers of Attorney  7.32
    • J.  Employee Benefit Plan Trustees or Board Members
      • 1.  ERISA Fiduciaries  7.33
      • 2.  Public Pension Plans Administrators  7.34
    • K.  Real Estate Brokers and Salespersons  7.35
      • 1.  Primary Fiduciary Duties  7.36
      • 2.  Additional Fiduciary and Other Duties  7.37
    • L.  Architects  7.38
    • M.  Homeowners’ Associations and Their Directors  7.39
    • N.  Employees and Independent Contractors
      • 1.  Employees  7.40
      • 2.  Independent Contractors  7.41
    • O.  Trustees of Express Trusts  7.42
    • P.  Bankruptcy Trustees, Receivers  7.43
    • Q.  Personal Representatives, Guardians, Conservators  7.44
    • R.  Priests or Pastors  7.45
    • S.  Agents; Other Fiduciaries
      • 1.  Agents  7.46
      • 2.  Other Fiduciaries  7.47

8

Litigation of Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims

Jeffrey L. Fillerup

  • I.  SCOPE OF CHAPTER  8.1
  • II.  PRELITIGATION CONSIDERATIONS IN A BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY CASE
    • A.  Checklist: Plaintiff’s Considerations  8.2
    • B.  Checklist: Defendant’s Considerations  8.3
  • III.  INITIATION OF A BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY COMPLAINT
    • A.  Pleading a Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claim
      • 1.  Elements of Cause of Action  8.4
      • 2.  When Fiduciary Relationship Arises  8.5
    • B.  Pleading a Fiduciary Relationship in a Nontraditional Setting
      • 1.  Pleading Considerations  8.6
      • 2.  Examples of Confidential Relationships That Give Rise to Fiduciary Duties  8.7
    • C.  Pleading Additional Claims  8.8
    • D.  Plaintiff’s Standing to Assert a Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claim  8.9
    • E.  Potential Defendants: Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty  8.10
      • 1.  Elements of Aiding and Abetting Claim  8.11
      • 2.  Relationship to Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claim  8.12
      • 3.  Civil Conspiracy Claim Distinguished  8.13
      • 4.  No Fiduciary Duty to Plaintiff Required  8.14
    • F.  Conditions to Filing a Breach of Fiduciary Duty Complaint  8.15
    • G.  The Forum: Federal Subject Matter Jurisdiction  8.16
    • H.  Right to Jury Trial  8.17
      • 1.  General Rule  8.18
      • 2.  California Jury Instructions  8.19
        • a.  Breach of Loyalty  8.20
        • b.  Breach of Confidentiality-Based Fiduciary Duty  8.21
      • 3.  When There Is No Right to Jury Trial  8.22
  • IV.  FIDUCIARY DUTY DEFENSES IN LITIGATION
    • A.  Assertion of Fiduciary Duty Defenses  8.23
      • 1.  At the Pleading Stage  8.24
      • 2.  In the Answer  8.25
      • 3.  Affirmative Defenses  8.26
    • B.  Ruling on Fiduciary Duty Defenses Before Trial  8.27
      • 1.  Defenses Raised by Demurrer or Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss
        • a.  Demurrer Standard  8.28
        • b.  Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) Standard  8.29
      • 2.  Defenses Raised by Summary Judgment Motion
        • a.  California Code of Civil Procedure §437c  8.30
        • b.  Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 56 Standard  8.31
      • 3.  Defenses Raised by Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
        • a.  California Code of Civil Procedure §438 Standard  8.32
        • b.  Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(c) Standard  8.33
      • 4.  Defenses Raised by Special Motion to Strike Under Anti-SLAPP Statute  8.34
    • C.  Defense of Nonexistence of a Fiduciary Relationship  8.35
    • D.  Affirmative Defense of Statute of Limitations  8.36
    • E.  Other Defenses and Affirmative Defenses  8.37
    • F.  Asserting Claims and Defenses at Time of Trial  8.38
      • 1.  Motions in Limine  8.39
      • 2.  Motion for Nonsuit  8.40
      • 3.  Jury Instructions  8.41
      • 4.  Motion for Directed Verdict  8.42
      • 5.  Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict  8.43
      • 6.  Motion for New Trial  8.44
  • V.  DAMAGES AND EQUITABLE REMEDIES  8.45
    • A.  Compensatory Damages  8.46
    • B.  Punitive Damages  8.47
    • C.  Restitution
      • 1.  Unjust Enrichment  8.48
      • 2.  Disgorgement  8.49
      • 3.  Evidence of Wrongdoer’s Benefit  8.50
    • D.  Constructive Trust  8.51
    • E.  Accounting  8.52
  • VI.  AMENDMENT OF JUDGMENT TO ADD PARTIES  8.53

9

Indemnification

Phillip L. Jelsma

  • I.  OVERVIEW; SCOPE OF CHAPTER  9.1
  • II.  FACTUAL EXAMPLE  9.2
  • III.  CORPORATIONS  9.3
    • A.  Persons Entitled to Indemnification
      • 1.  Persons Entitled  9.4
      • 2.  Service “At the Request of”  9.5
      • 3.  “A Party to Any Proceeding”  9.6
    • B.  Amount of Indemnification
      • 1.  Reasonableness Requirement  9.7
      • 2.  Expense Advances  9.8
    • C.  Types of Proceedings Covered  9.9
    • D.  Mandatory Indemnification
      • 1.  When Applicable  9.10
      • 2.  Partial Mandatory Indemnification  9.11
      • 3.  Success “On the Merits”  9.12
      • 4.  Settlements  9.13
      • 5.  Indemnification Alternatives  9.14
    • E.  Permissive Indemnification  9.15
      • 1.  Third-Party (Nonderivative) Actions
        • a.  Civil Proceedings  9.16
        • b.  Criminal Proceedings  9.17
      • 2.  Derivative Actions  9.18
    • F.  Indemnification Authorization Procedures  9.19
      • 1.  By Disinterested Directors  9.20
      • 2.  By Independent Legal Counsel  9.21
      • 3.  By Shareholders  9.22
      • 4.  By the Court  9.23
    • G.  Expansion of Indemnification Rights  9.24
    • H.  Effect of Bankruptcy on Indemnification  9.25
  • IV.  NONPROFIT CORPORATIONS
    • A.  Permissive Indemnification
      • 1.  Persons Entitled to Indemnification  9.26
      • 2.  Who May Authorize Indemnification  9.27
      • 3.  Minimum Standards of Conduct  9.28
        • a.  Third Party Actions  9.29
        • b.  Derivative and Certain Other Actions  9.30
      • 4.  Amount of Indemnification  9.31
    • B.  Mandatory Indemnification  9.32
    • C.  Litigation Expense Advances  9.33
    • D.  Expansion of Indemnification Rights Prohibited  9.34
  • V.  LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
    • A.  Indemnification Under RULLCA
      • 1.  Mandatory Indemnification Under Corp C §17704.08(a)  9.35
      • 2.  Permissive Indemnification Under Corp C §17704.08(b)  9.36
      • 3.  Mandatory Indemnification Under Corp C §17704.08(d)  9.37
    • B.  Indemnification Under Beverly-Killea Limited Liability Company Act  9.38
  • VI.  GENERAL PARTNERSHIPS  9.39
  • VII.  LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS  9.40
  • VIII.  MANDATORY INDEMNIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES UNDER LABOR CODE §2802  9.41
  • IX.  SAMPLE INDEMNIFICATION PROVISIONS
    • A.  Corporations
      • 1.  Form: Indemnification Clauses: Articles of Incorporation  9.42
      • 2.  Form: Short-Form Indemnification Clause: Bylaws  9.43
      • 3.  Form: Long-Form Indemnification Clause: Bylaws  9.44
      • 4.  Sample Stand-Alone Indemnification Agreement
        • a.  Drafting Considerations  9.45
        • b.  Form: Indemnification Agreement  9.46
    • B.  Nonprofit Corporations
      • 1.  Drafting Considerations  9.47
      • 2.  Form: Indemnification Clause: Bylaws  9.48
    • C.  Limited Liability Companies, Partnerships
      • 1.  Form: Indemnification Clause: LLC Operating Agreement  9.49
      • 2.  Form: Short-Form Indemnification Clause: Limited Partnership Agreement  9.50
      • 3.  Form: Long-Form Indemnification Clause: Limited Partnership Agreement  9.51
      • 4.  Form: Short-Form Indemnification Clause: General Partnership Agreement  9.52
      • 5.  Form: Long-Form Indemnification Clause: General Partnership Agreement  9.53

10

Overview of Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Insurance Policies

David B. Parker

Justin D. Denlinger

Bruce T. Smyth

  • I.  OVERVIEW; SCOPE OF CHAPTER  10.1
  • II.  VARIATIONS AMONG D&O POLICY FORMS  10.2
  • III.  PERSONS INSURED: THE DUAL POLICY FORMAT
    • A.  Individual Director and Officer and Company Reimbursement Coverage  10.3
    • B.  Entity Coverage  10.4
    • C.  Principal Differences in Coverage
      • 1.  Retention and Co-Insurance  10.5
      • 2.  Scope of Coverage  10.6
    • D.  Other Types of Policies  10.7
  • IV.  POLICY TERMINOLOGY
    • A.  “Wrongful Acts”  10.8
    • B.  “Loss”  10.9
      • 1.  Limitations Imposed by Statutes and Public Policy  10.10
      • 2.  Punitive Damages, Fines, and Penalties  10.11
      • 3.  Treble Damages  10.12
      • 4.  Administrative and Criminal Proceedings; Injunctive Relief  10.13
      • 5.  Amounts That Insured Is Not Obligated to Pay  10.14
      • 6.  Single Loss or Multiple Loss  10.15
    • C.  “Claims-Made” Coverage  10.16
      • 1.  Notice of Claims  10.17
      • 2.  Extended Reporting (ER) Option  10.18
      • 3.  Continuity  10.19
      • 4.  Retentions  10.20
      • 5.  Policy Limits and “Stacking” Issues  10.21
  • V.  STANDARD POLICY EXCLUSIONS  10.22
    • A.  Exclusions From Company Reimbursement Coverage  10.23
      • 1.  Other Insurance  10.24
      • 2.  Prior Insurance  10.25
      • 3.  Bodily Injury and Property Damage  10.26
      • 4.  Pollution Exclusion  10.27
      • 5.  ERISA Liability  10.28
    • B.  Exclusions From Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Coverage  10.29
      • 1.  Corporate Indemnification  10.30
      • 2.  Libel and Slander  10.31
      • 3.  Personal Gain  10.32
      • 4.  Unauthorized Remuneration  10.33
      • 5.  Dishonesty  10.34
      • 6.  “Willful Acts”  10.35
      • 7.  Insider Trading; Short-Swing Profits  10.36
      • 8.  Severability Provisions  10.37
      • 9.  Other Exclusions  10.38
  • VI.  SPECIAL EXCLUSIONARY ENDORSEMENTS  10.39
    • A.  Insured Versus Insured  10.40
    • B.  Regulatory Exclusion  10.41
    • C.  Exclusions Relating to Mergers and Acquisitions  10.42
    • D.  Securities Offering Exclusions
      • 1.  Purpose and Frequency  10.43
      • 2.  Analysis of Impact  10.44
    • E.  Prior-Acts Exclusion  10.45
    • F.  Pending or Prior Litigation Exclusion  10.46
    • G.  Questionable Payments Exclusion  10.47
    • H.  Discrimination Exclusion  10.48
    • I.  Antitrust Exclusion  10.49
    • J.  Failure to Maintain Insurance Exclusion  10.50
  • VII.  FINANCING DEFENSE OF LITIGATION: DUTY TO DEFEND AND INTERIM PAYMENTS
    • A.  Policy Provisions Relating to Payment of Defense Costs
      • 1.  Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Coverage  10.51
      • 2.  Company Reimbursement Coverage  10.52
    • B.  Duty to Defend  10.53
    • C.  Right to Control Defense  10.54
    • D.  Interim Payments
      • 1.  Must Insurer Finance Ongoing Costs of Defense?  10.55
      • 2.  Analysis of Policy Provisions Relating to Defense Costs  10.56
  • VIII.  ROLE OF COUNSEL
    • A.  Counsel for Insured  10.57
      • 1.  Counseling in Connection With Purchase of D&O Insurance
        • a.  Selection of D&O Insurer  10.58
        • b.  Applications for Insurance  10.59
        • c.  Reviewing and Drafting Proposed Endorsements  10.60
      • 2.  Reacting to Cancellation or Nonrenewal
        • a.  Prior to Policy Termination  10.61
        • b.  Exercise of Extended Reporting (ER) Option  10.62
        • c.  Obtaining Replacement Coverage  10.63
      • 3.  Reporting and Handling of Claims
        • a.  Notices of Actual and Potential Claims  10.64
        • b.  Company Reimbursement and Advancing Costs of Defense  10.65
        • c.  Responding to Reservation of Rights by Insurer  10.66
    • B.  Counsel for Claimants  10.67
  • IX.  EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN FIDUCIARY LIABILITY POLICIES  10.68

UNDERSTANDING FIDUCIARY DUTIES IN BUSINESS ENTITIES

(1st Edition)

March 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

File Name

Book Section

Title

CH02

Chapter 2

Fiduciary Duties in General and Limited Partnerships

02-040

§2.40

Disclaimer

02-051

§2.51

Introductory Clause

02-053

§2.53

Limitations on Duty of Loyalty

02-054

§2.54

Clarification of Duties

02-056

§2.56

Duty of Care: Alternative 1

02-057

§2.57

Duty of Care: Alternative 2

02-058

§2.58

Duty of Care: Alternative 3

02-059

§2.59

General Partner Protections

02-060

§2.60

Ratification of Partner Conduct

CH03

Chapter 3

Fiduciary Duties in Limited Liability Companies

03-037

§3.37

Introductory Clause

03-038

§3.38

Corporate Fiduciary Duties

03-040

§3.40

Limitations on Duty of Loyalty

03-041

§3.41

Transactions With the LLC

03-042

§3.42

Clarification of Duties

03-044

§3.44

Duty of Care: Alternative 1

03-045

§3.45

Duty of Care: Alternative 2

03-046

§3.46

Duty of Care: Alternative 3

03-048

§3.48

Ratification

03-050

§3.50

ULC Performance Standards for Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

CH05

Chapter 5

Fiduciary Duties in Nonprofit, Social Purpose, and Benefit Corporations

05-021

§5.21

Checklist: Board Approval of Transactions With Interested Directors

05-022

§5.22

Minutes Reflecting Approval of Transaction—Public Benefit and Religious Corporations

CH06

Chapter 6

Fiduciary Duties in Family Businesses and Transactions

06-074

§6.74

Fiduciary Issue Identification Checklist for Family Businesses and Transactions

CH08

Chapter 8

Litigation of Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims

08-002

§8.2

Checklist: Plaintiff’s Considerations

08-003

§8.3

Checklist: Defendant’s Considerations

CH09

Chapter 9

Indemnification

09-042

§9.42

Indemnification Clauses: Articles of Incorporation

09-043

§9.43

Short-Form Indemnification Clause: Bylaws

09-044

§9.44

Long-Form Indemnification Clause: Bylaws

09-046

§9.46

Indemnification Agreement

09-048

§9.48

Indemnification Clause: Bylaws

09-049

§9.49

Indemnification Clause: LLC Operating Agreement

09-050

§9.50

Short-Form Indemnification Clause: Limited Partnership Agreement

09-051

§9.51

Long-Form Indemnification Clause: Limited Partnership Agreement

09-052

§9.52

Short-Form Indemnification Clause: General Partnership Agreement

09-053

§9.53

Long-Form Indemnification Clause: General Partnership Agreement

 

Selected Developments

March 2023 Update

As reiterated by the court in Sheen v Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2022) 12 C5th 905, 927 (citation omitted), a bank or other financial institution “owes no duty of care to a borrower when the institution’s involvement in the loan transaction does not exceed the scope of its conventional role as a mere lender of money.” See §1.12.

In Bandera Master Fund LP v Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP (Del Ch, Oct. 7, 2019, No. 2018-0372-JTL) 2019 Del Ch Lexis 1296, the court held that a claim that the general partner and its controllers violated their fiduciary duties failed to state a viable claim because the partnership agreement eliminated fiduciary duties (as allowed under Delaware law). See §2.64.

In Wong v Restoration Robotics, Inc. (2022) 78 CA5th 48, 74, the court held that the validity of provisions of a certificate of incorporation is an internal affair generally governed by the law of the state of incorporation. The court enforced the federal forum provision in the Delaware corporation’s certificate of incorporation and dismissed the case. See §4.4.

Interpreting the duty of care requires directors to exercise proper oversight over corporate affairs to ensure that corporate managers are carrying out their duties properly. See, e.g., In re Caremark Int’l, Inc. Derivative Litig. (Del Ch 1996) 698 A2d 959, 967. In Construction Indus. Laborers Pension Fund v Bingle (Del Ch, Sept. 6, 2022, No. 2021-0940-SG) 2022 Del Ch Lexis 223, *4, the court noted that “the lack of oversight … must be so extreme that it represents a breach of the duty of loyalty. This in turn requires a pleading of scienter, demonstrating bad faith.” See §4.19.

In Tola v Bryant (2022) 76 CA5th 746, 752, applying Delaware law in holding that the plaintiff had failed to establish demand futility, the court cited with approval the Delaware standards for Caremark claims in In re Caremark Int’l, Inc. Derivative Litig., supra. See §4.19.

The “entire fairness” test is used if the directors had actual conflicts of interest and, as a result, the challenged decision was not made by a disinterested and independent board majority. See Cede & Co. v Technicolor, Inc. (Del 1993) 634 A2d 345, 361; City Pension Fund for Firefighters & Police Officers v Trade Desk, Inc. (Del Ch, July 29, 2022, No. 2021-0560-PAF) 2022 Del Ch Lexis 183 (alleged self-dealing by controlling shareholder); In re Multiplan Corp. Stockholders Litig. (Del Ch 2022) 268 A3d 784 (inherent conflicts between SPAC’s fiduciaries and public stockholders). See §4.31.

Delaware courts analyze conflicted controller transactions implicating entire fairness by placing them into one of two categories: (1) when the controller is on both sides of the transaction, and (2) when the controller is competing with the common stockholders for consideration. In re Multiplan Corp. Stockholders Litig., 268 A3d at 809. See §4.53.

In Metro Storage Int’l LLC v Harron (Del Ch 2022) 275 A3d 810, the court held that a corporation’s president breached his fiduciary duties that he owed in that capacity as president by doing consulting work for a competitor, placing the interests of his other clients ahead of the company’s interest, failing to disclose his consulting activities, and sharing and using company confidential information for his own purposes. See §4.56.

Outside the marital context, the authority to transact business on behalf of a family member is governed by agency principles. Rogers v Roseville SH, LLC (2022) 75 CA5th 1065, 1075 (arbitration could not be compelled because son lacked authority to sign on father’s behalf); Theresa D. v MBK Sr. Living LLC (2021) 73 CA5th 18, 27 (plaintiff’s daughter could not bind plaintiff to arbitration agreement as part of her admission to residential care facility absent durable power of attorney or similar authorization). See §6.49B.

In Bailey v MacFarland (2021) 5 F4th 1092, 1097, the court held that a wife’s fraud and conspiracy claims, which sought modification of her divorce decree, were within the domestic relations exception to federal diversity jurisdiction. See §6.53.

Parties may stipulate to the scope of a private judge’s authority to resolve limited issues with the case. Stipulations for the appointment of a temporary judge are construed narrowly; a temporary judge may only hear subsequent proceedings that are its “direct progeny” and not those considered “ancillary.” See Orange County Dep’t of Child Support Servs. v Superior Court (2021) 129 CA4th 798, 807; Gridley v Gridley (2008) 166 CA4th 1562, 1580. See §6.72.

A party who declines to participate in court-ordered mediation is bound by any consequences that result from the failure to participate. See Breslin v Breslin (2021) 62 CA5th 801, 806 (party’s failure to participate in noticed mediation, attendance at which was prerequisite to evidentiary hearing, waived that party’s right to evidentiary hearing and determination of factual issues). See §6.73.

In Falcon Brands Inc. v Mousavi & Lee (2022) 74 CA5th 506, 522, the court held that extortion was committed because the attorney threatened to make public accusations of criminal misconduct if the settlement demand was not met. See §6.73A.

Broker-dealers must act in the best interest of their clients at all times. See Regulation Best Interest, 17 CFR §240.15l-1, available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/2019/34-86031.pdf. Regulation Best Interest enhances the broker-dealer standard of conduct beyond the previous suitability standard, in an attempt to align it with retail customers’ expectations of how their broker-dealer will act. Specifically, the regulation requires broker-dealers to (1) act in the best interest of the retail customer at the time an investment recommendation is made, and (2) disclose and address conflicts of interest that exist between the broker-dealer and its client. Importantly, Regulation Best Interest establishes a standard of conduct that cannot be satisfied through disclosure alone. Said differently, conflicts of interest must be mitigated or, in certain instances, eliminated completely, rather than simply disclosed. See §7.26.

In Henley Fin., Ltd. v Goyette & Assocs., Inc. (ED Cal, Feb. 24, 2022, No. 20-cv-01834) 2022 US Dist Lexis 35208, *22, the court held that “[a]n escrow holder is an agent and fiduciary of the parties to the escrow.” See §8.5.

In Beaver v Omni Hotels Mgmt. Corp. (SD Cal, Mar. 29, 2021, No. 20-cv-00191) 2021 US Dist Lexis 59805, the court found a fiduciary duty arising out of an agency relationship. See §8.5.

An aiding and abetting claim may be attacked at the pleading stage if the complaint fails to allege “actual knowledge” and “substantial assistance or encouragement” by the aider and abettor. Su v Henry Global Consulting Group (CD Cal, Jan. 3, 2022, No. 20-cv-02235) 2022 US Dist Lexis 736, *9. See §8.11.

In Beaver v Omni Hotels Mgmt. Corp., 2021 US Dist Lexis 59805 at *15, a Fed R Civ P 12(b)(6) motion was denied because the complaint alleged substantial assistance by the defendant real estate brokers in a resort rental program. Defendants allegedly “did nothing to manage or supervise the rental program. Instead, they ignored their professional responsibilities and enabled Omni to perpetrate its scheme to self-deal.” The court held that a plaintiff is not required to allege actual knowledge and substantial assistance elements with particularity. See §8.11.

Recent cases distinguish a defendant’s aiding-and-abetting-based liability from liability based on civil conspiracy. See §8.13. But even under this modern approach, the plaintiff must allege a fiduciary relationship between the plaintiff and a third party, or else the complaint is subject to dismissal under Fed R Civ P 12(b)(6). Genfit S.A. v Cymabay Therapeutics (ND Cal, Jan. 21, 2022, No. 21-cv-00395) 2022 US Dist Lexis 11460. See §8.12.

In True Gentlemen’s Jerky, Inc. v 1KIV TGJ Holdings, L2C (ND Cal, Aug. 16, 2022, No. 21-cv-04073) 2022 US Dist Lexis 146603, the court confirmed that there is no fiduciary relationship between a borrower and lender. See §8.35.

A statute may expressly or impliedly establish the absence of a fiduciary relationship. Phillips 66 Co. v Bananzadeh (ED Cal, Apr. 5, 2022, No. 21-cv-01747) 2022 US Dist Lexis 65042 (no fiduciary duty created under Petroleum Marketing Practices Act (15 USC §§2801–2841)). See §8.37.

About the Authors

PHILLIP L. JELSMA received his B.S. degree from the University of Southern California and his J.D. from Stanford Law School, where he was a member of the Stanford Law Review. Mr. Jelsma is a partner in Crosbie Gliner Schiffman Southard & Swanson LLP (or cgs3), a San Diego law firm specializing in real estate transactions. He is an adjunct professor at the University of San Diego School of Law, where he teaches the Taxation of Property Transactions course. He has served as member of the State Bar of California Drafting Committees for the Beverly-Killea Limited Liability Company Act, the California Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, and the Revised Uniform Partnership Act. Mr. Jelsma is the Executive Editor of this title; the author of chapters 1, 5, and 9; and a co-author of chapters 4 and 7.

CHAD R. ENSZ received his B.A. degree from Wheaton College, his M.B.A. degree from the University of San Diego, and his J.D. degree from the University of San Diego School of Law, where he was a member of the law review and graduated summa cum laude. Mr. Ensz is a partner in the Corporate Group at Dentons, a global top-20 law firm with 3,000 lawyers and professionals in more than 80 locations spanning more than 50 countries. His practice focuses on general corporate transactional matters and regulatory compliance, including the representation of financial institutions and public and private companies in capital market transactions, mergers and acquisitions, licensing, joint venture and commercial transactions, and ongoing public company representation. He also has significant experience with general business matters, including the establishment of corporations, partnerships, and limited liability companies; corporate governance; and general contractual drafting and negotiation. Mr. Ensz is a co-author of chapter 4.

JEFFREY L. FILLERUP is a business litigation partner in the San Francisco office of Rincon Law LLP. Since clerking for a federal district judge in 1984–1985, he has specialized in litigating and arbitrating business cases, including fiduciary duty cases involving bankruptcy trustees, corporate officers and directors, financial institutions, FINRA, and ERISA. He has significant discovery and motion practice experience, including preliminary injunctions and other pre-judgment procedures, and he has taken and defended more than 1,000 depositions. He is a Certified Legal Specialist in Franchise and Distribution Law by the State Bar of California, he served on the State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization in 2014, and he served as the Chair of the State Bar of California Franchise and Distribution Law Advisory Commission in 2014. Mr. Fillerup is the author of chapter 8.

EDWARD GARTENBERG received his B.A. degree from Columbia University in 1971 and his J.D. degree from Columbia Law School in 1974. His practice experience encompasses complex business and securities litigation; arbitration; and federal, state, and regulatory investigations. He is experienced as counsel and as an expert witness in partnership, LLC, and securities issues. Mr. Gartenberg was formerly a Special Counsel at the Division of Enforcement of the SEC and a Special Assistant United States Attorney. He has served as an arbitrator for AAA and FINRA. Before co-founding his current firm, Gartenberg Gelfand Hayton LLP, he served as Chair of the SEC Defense and Securities Litigation practice of a major international law firm. Mr. Gartenberg also served as Chair of the Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies Committee of the State Bar of California. He has lectured numerous times at law schools, continuing legal education programs, and professional organizations. He has also written extensively on partnership, LLC, fiduciary duty, and ethics issues. Mr. Gartenberg is the author of chapters 2 and 3.

MELISSA M. KURATA received her B.A. degree from Northwestern University in 2007 and her J.D. degree in 2012 from Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. She is an associate with Parker Mills LLP and a business litigator with experience in legal malpractice and labor and employment law. Ms. Kurata is a co-author of chapter 10.

JEFFREY T. MAKOFF is a Senior Trial Partner with Valle Makoff LLP, a San Francisco and Los Angeles law firm. He received his A.B. degree in 1981 from the University of California, Los Angeles (Political Science, cum laude) and his J.D. degree in 1985 from the University of California College of the Law, San Francisco. He is admitted to practice in California and the District of Columbia and is the Co-Chair of the Business Litigation Committee, Business Law Section of the State Bar of California (2015–2016). His practice encompasses a wide range of fiduciary cases and issues involving trustees and beneficiaries; corporate and LLC directors, officers, shareholders, and members; partners and joint venturers; spouses; parties who have Marvin issues (property claims between unmarried intimate partners); broker-dealers; and investment advisors. Before forming Valle Makoff’s predecessor firm in 1992, Mr. Makoff was an associate with Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, where he primarily handled securities and fiduciary matters. Mr. Makoff is the author of chapter 6.

WILLIAM K. MILLS is a 1979 graduate of Harvard College, with a concentration in American Government. Mr. Mills received his J.D. degree from the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law in 1982. He is also a founding partner of Parker Mills LLP; a Certified Specialist in Legal Malpractice Law by the State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization; and a former member of the State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct (COPRAC). He has published articles in the California Bar Journal, the Los Angeles Lawyer, and the Los Angeles Daily Journal, and he frequently lectures for the State Bar of California, the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and other legal and business groups. Mr. Mills is a co-author of chapter 10.

DAVID B. PARKER graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1972, where he also obtained his law degree in 1976, graduating Order of the Coif. He is a founding partner of Parker Mills LLP, a Los Angeles law firm that emphasizes business litigation, insurance coverage, law firm risk management, professional liability, and legal ethics. He is a Certified Specialist in Legal Malpractice Law by the State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization, a former member of the State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct (COPRAC), and a current member of the American Board of Trial Advocates (ABOTA). He has published numerous articles in the California Bar Journal, related California bar publications, and the Los Angeles Lawyer. He lectures frequently for the State Bar of California, the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and other legal and business groups. Mr. Parker is a co-author of chapter 10.

PETER Z. STOCKBURGER received his B.A. degree from Texas State University, where he graduated magna cum laude, and his J.D. degree from the University of San Diego School of Law, where he graduated cum laude and was admitted to the National Order of the Barristers. Mr. Stockburger is a Managing Associate at Dentons, where he specializes in global labor and employment law. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of San Diego School of Law, where he teaches appellate advocacy and public international law, and is currently serving as a “Virtual Fellow” with the United States Department of State, advising the State Department on various international labor issues. Mr. Stockburger was recognized as a 2015 “Rising Star” by Southern California Super Lawyers. Mr. Stockburger is a co-author of chapter 7.

ANDREW A. TALEBI is a 2009 graduate, with a B.A. degree cum laude, of Loyola Marymount University and a 2014 graduate of Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. He is an associate with Parker Mills LLP and a litigator with experience in complex business and entertainment disputes and professional liability. Mr. Talebi is a co-author of chapter 10.

JOHN D. VAUGHN obtained his J.D. degree from Santa Clara University, with honors, where he was a member of the law review. From 2000 through 2015, Mr. Vaughn was a litigation partner with Luce Forward Hamilton & Scripps LLP (Luce) and then with McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP (MLA), where he founded and chaired the firm’s FINRA/SEC Dispute Resolution Practice Group. In 2015, Mr. Vaughn left MLA to found a boutique trial law firm, Perez, Vaughn & Feasby, with former Luce partners. Additionally, along with co-founder and partner Christopher Rowlett, Mr. Vaughn co-founded Breakaway Partners, a firm focused expressly on assisting registered investment advisors (RIAs) and employment transitions within the RIA space, from soup to nuts. Mr. Vaughn has a diverse national trial and arbitration practice representing clients in complex commercial litigation matters, securities fraud claims, FINRA arbitration, FINRA/SEC investigations, employment disputes, suitability claims and broker disciplinary actions, injunction cases, unfair business practices, and trade secret cases. Mr. Vaughn is a co-author of chapter 7.

About the 2023 Update Authors

JUSTIN D. DENLINGER received his B.A. degree in Music from James Madison University in 1997 and his J.D. degree from Loyola Law School of Los Angeles in 2002. He is an associate attorney at Parker Mills LLP, with a practice that focuses on business litigation, legal malpractice, and entertainment law. Mr. Denlinger is a 2023 update co-author of chapter 10.

MILENA DOLUKHANYAN received her B.S. degree from California State University, Northridge in 2008 and her J.D. degree from the University of West Los Angeles in 2015. Ms. Dolukhanyan is an associate at Gartenberg Gelfand Hayton LLP, with a practice that focuses on complex business and securities litigation, arbitration, and federal, state, and regulatory investigations. Ms. Dolukhanyan is a 2023 update co-author of chapters 2 and 3.

JEFFREY L. FILLERUP is a business litigation partner in the San Francisco office of Rincon Law LLP. Since clerking for a federal district judge in 1984–1985, he has specialized in litigating and arbitrating business cases, including fiduciary duty cases involving bankruptcy trustees, corporate officers and directors, financial institutions, FINRA, and ERISA. He has significant discovery and motion practice experience, including preliminary injunctions and other pre-judgment procedures, and he has taken and defended more than 1,000 depositions. He is a Certified Legal Specialist in Franchise and Distribution Law by the State Bar of California, he served on the State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization in 2014, and he served as the Chair of the State Bar of California Franchise and Distribution Law Advisory Commission in 2014. Mr. Fillerup is the author and 2023 update author of chapter 8.

EDWARD GARTENBERG received his B.A. degree from Columbia University in 1971 and his J.D. degree from Columbia Law School in 1974. His practice experience encompasses complex business and securities litigation; arbitration; and federal, state, and regulatory investigations. He is experienced as counsel and as an expert witness in partnership, LLC, and securities issues. Mr. Gartenberg was formerly a Special Counsel at the Division of Enforcement of the SEC and a Special Assistant United States Attorney. He has served as an arbitrator for AAA and FINRA. Before co-founding his current firm, Gartenberg Gelfand Hayton LLP, Los Angeles, he served as Chair of the SEC Defense and Securities Litigation practice of a major international law firm. Mr. Gartenberg also served as Chair of the Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies Committee of the State Bar of California. He has lectured numerous times at law schools, continuing legal education programs, and professional organizations. He has also written extensively on partnership, LLC, fiduciary duty, and ethics issues. Mr. Gartenberg is the author and 2023 update co-author of chapters 2 and 3.

PHILLIP L. JELSMA received his B.S. degree from the University of Southern California and his J.D. degree from Stanford Law School, where he was a member of the Stanford Law Review. Mr. Jelsma is a partner in Crosbie Gliner Schiffman Southard & Swanson LLP (cgs3), a San Diego law firm specializing in real estate transactions. He is an adjunct professor at the University of San Diego Law School, where he teaches the Taxation of Real Property Transactions. He has served as member of the State Bar of California Drafting Committees for the Beverly-Killea Limited Liability Company Act, the California Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, and the Revised Uniform Partnership Act. Mr. Jelsma is the Executive Editor of this title; the author of chapters 1, 5, and 9; a co-author of chapters 4 and 7; and the 2023 update author of chapters 5 and 9.

JEFFREY T. MAKOFF is a Senior Trial Partner with Valle Makoff LLP, a San Francisco and Los Angeles law firm. He received his A.B. degree in 1981 from the University of California, Los Angeles (Political Science, cum laude) and his J.D. degree in 1985 from the University of California College of the Law, San Francisco. He is admitted to practice in California and the District of Columbia and is the Co-Chair of the Business Litigation Committee, Business Law Section of the State Bar of California (2015–2016). His practice encompasses a wide range of fiduciary cases and issues involving trustees and beneficiaries; corporate and LLC directors, officers, shareholders, and members; partners and joint venturers; spouses; parties who have Marvin issues (property claims between unmarried intimate partners); broker-dealers; and investment advisors. Before forming Valle Makoff’s predecessor firm in 1992, Mr. Makoff was an associate with Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, where he primarily handled securities and fiduciary matters. Mr. Makoff is the author and 2023 update co-author of chapter 6.

ROXANNE E. MAKOFF is an associate with Valle Makoff LLP, a San Francisco and Los Angeles law firm. She received her B.A. degree in 2012 from Hamilton College (Public Policy) and her J.D. degree in 2017 from Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in New York. Ms. Makoff was an editor of the Cardozo Law Review with a published Note on judicial dissolutions under New York’s limited liability company law. She is admitted to practice in California and practices in commercial litigation and fiduciary duties related to management, control, and operations of private and family business enterprises, business owner buyouts, and the management and disposition of complex assets, related negotiations, and trial practice. Prior to law school, Ms. Makoff worked at Clyde & Co. U.S. LLP in San Francisco and at the U.S. Fund for UNICEF. Ms. Makoff is a 2023 update co-author of chapter 6.

DAVID B. PARKER graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1972, where he also obtained his law degree in 1976, graduating Order of the Coif. He is a founding partner of Parker Mills LLP, a Los Angeles law firm that emphasizes business litigation, insurance coverage, law firm risk management, professional liability, and legal ethics. He is a Certified Specialist in Legal Malpractice Law by the State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization, a former member of the State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct (COPRAC), and a current member of the American Board of Trial Advocates (ABOTA). He has published numerous articles in the California Bar Journal, related California bar publications, and the Los Angeles Lawyer. He lectures frequently for the State Bar of California, the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and other legal and business groups. Mr. Parker is a co-author and 2023 update co-author of chapter 10.

CHRISTOPHER W. ROWLETT obtained his J.D. degree from the University of Michigan. From 2008 through 2013, Mr. Rowlett was an associate with Luce Forward Hamilton & Scripps LLP (Luce) and then with McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP (MLA). Mr. Rowlett left MLA to join Honigman, Miller, Schwartz & Cohn LLP in Detroit, Michigan, as a partner in their Labor and Employment practice group. In 2016, Mr. Rowlett returned to San Diego and joined Perez, Vaughn & Feasby, with former Luce partners. Mr. Rowlett primarily focuses on helping financial advisers set up and manage their practices. Mr. Rowlett is a 2023 update co-author of chapter 7.

BRUCE T. SMYTH is a senior counsel with Parker Mills, LLP, where his practice focuses on professional liability (including attorneys and insurance brokers), insurance coverage and bad faith litigation (including property, directors and officers and commercial liability coverages), and business and real estate litigation. He has over 40 years of legal experience in California, including state and federal jury and bench trials, appellate litigation, and arbitrations. He speaks and writes regularly on issues of business litigation and insurance and has co-authored two law books, including Computer and Internet Liability: Strategies, Claims and Defenses (Aspen Law and Business 2001). Mr. Smyth received his undergraduate degree from Stanford University and his law degree from the University of Virginia Law School. He is a 2023 update co-author of chapter 10.

JOHN D. VAUGHN obtained his J.D. degree from Santa Clara University, with honors, where he was a member of the law review. From 2000 through 2015, Mr. Vaughn was a litigation partner with Luce Forward Hamilton & Scripps LLP (Luce) and then with McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP (MLA), where he founded and chaired the firm’s FINRA/SEC Dispute Resolution Practice Group. In 2015, Mr. Vaughn left MLA to found a boutique trial law firm, Perez, Vaughn & Feasby, with former Luce partners. Additionally, along with co-founder and partner Christopher Rowlett, Mr. Vaughn co-founded Breakaway Partners, a firm focused expressly on assisting registered investment advisors (RIAs) and employment transitions within the RIA space, from soup to nuts. Mr. Vaughn has a diverse national trial and arbitration practice representing clients in complex commercial litigation matters, securities fraud claims, FINRA arbitration, FINRA/SEC investigations, employment disputes, suitability claims and broker disciplinary actions, injunction cases, unfair business practices, and trade secret cases. Mr. Vaughn is a co-author and 2023 update co-author of chapter 7.

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